260. VARMA

Vector autoregressive moving average

VARMA(𝑝,𝑞)

𝚽(𝐵)𝒙𝑡=𝒄+𝚯(𝐵)𝜺𝑡𝚽(𝐵)=𝑰𝚽1𝐵𝚽𝑝𝐵𝑝𝚯(𝐵)=𝑰+𝚯1𝐵++𝚯𝑞𝐵𝑞

Vector analog of ARMA. Identifiability requires care (e.g., echelon forms).

Parameters: 𝚽1,,𝚽𝑝, 𝚯1,,𝚯𝑞, 𝒄, 𝚺
Orders: 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝐾

Example: VARMA(1,1), 𝐾=2

Given

  • Orders: 𝑝=1, 𝑞=1, 𝐾=2
  • Coefficient matrices:

    𝚽1=[0.40.20.20.4]𝚯1=[0.40.20.20.4]
  • Intercept: 𝒄=[00]
  • Initial conditions: 𝒙0=[00], 𝜺0=[00]
  • Two series stacked into 𝒙𝑡=[𝑥1,𝑡𝑥2,𝑡]:
𝑡12345678910111213141516
x_(1\,)𝑡121081114129131614111518161317
𝑡12345678910111213141516
x_(2\,)𝑡89761011981213111014151312

Step 1 — formula

Substitute 𝑝=1, 𝑞=1 into the VARMA recursion:

𝒙𝑡=𝒄+𝚽1𝒙𝑡1+𝜺𝑡+𝚯1𝜺𝑡1

Forecast (set 𝜺𝑡=𝟎):

𝒙̂𝑡=𝒄+𝚽1𝒙𝑡1+𝚯1𝜺𝑡1

Componentwise:

𝑥̂1,𝑡=𝑐1+0.4𝑥1,𝑡1+0.2𝑥2,𝑡1+0.4𝜀1,𝑡1+0.2𝜀2,𝑡1𝑥̂2,𝑡=𝑐2+0.2𝑥1,𝑡1+0.4𝑥2,𝑡1+0.2𝜀1,𝑡1+0.4𝜀2,𝑡1

Innovation:

𝜺𝑡=𝒙𝑡𝒙̂𝑡

Step 2 — apply at 𝑡=1

With 𝒙0=𝟎, 𝜺0=𝟎, every product is zero:

𝒙̂1=[00],𝜺1=𝒙1𝒙̂1=[128]

Step 2b — apply at 𝑡=2

Plug in 𝒙1=[128], 𝜺1=[128]:

𝑥̂1,2=0.4(12)+0.2(8)+0.4(12)+0.2(8)=4.8+1.6+4.8+1.6=12.8𝑥̂2,2=0.2(12)+0.4(8)+0.2(12)+0.4(8)=2.4+3.2+2.4+3.2=11.2𝜺2=[109][12.811.2]=[2.82.2]

Step 3 — iterate

Two contributions per row: AR part 𝚽1𝒙𝑡1 and MA part 𝚯1𝜺𝑡1. Values rounded to 4 decimal places.

𝑡𝒙𝑡𝚽1𝒙𝑡1𝚯1𝜺𝑡1𝒙̂𝑡 / 𝜺𝑡
1[128][00][00][00] / [128]
2[109][6.45.6][6.45.6][12.811.2] / [2.82.2]
3[87][5.85.6][1.561.44][4.244.16] / [3.762.84]
4[116][4.64.4][2.0721.888][6.6726.288] / [4.3280.288]
5[1410][5.64.6][1.67360.7504][7.27365.3504] / [6.72644.6496]
6[1211][7.66.8][3.62063.2051][11.220610.0051] / [0.77940.9949]
7[99][76.8][0.51080.5538][7.51087.3538] / [1.48921.6462]
8[138][5.45.4][0.92490.9563][6.32496.3563] / [6.67511.6437]
9[1612][6.85.8][2.99881.9925][9.79887.7925] / [6.20124.2075]
10[1413][8.88][3.32202.9232][12.12210.9232] / [1.8782.0768]
11[1111][8.28][1.16661.2071][9.36669.2071] / [1.63341.7929]
12[1510][6.66.6][1.01191.0438][7.61197.6438] / [7.38812.3562]
13[1814][87][3.42652.4201][11.42659.4201] / [6.57354.5799]
14[1615][109.2][3.54543.1467][13.545412.3467] / [2.45462.6533]
15[1313][9.49.2][1.51251.5523][10.912510.7523] / [2.08752.2477]
16[1712][7.87.8][1.28451.3166][9.08459.1166] / [7.91552.8834]